January 2, 2019
(Updated 5/5/23)
Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Oxygen: A Remedial Lesson In Chemistry And Physics: Greater Than 94% Of The Energy Contained Within Nitrogen And Oxygen Are Unaccounted For By The 'Climate Change' Narrative
Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Oxygen: A Remedial Lesson In Chemistry And Physics: Greater Than 94% Of The Energy Contained Within Nitrogen And Oxygen Are Unaccounted For By The 'Climate Change' Narrative
It should be noted that [longwave] Infrared Radiation is only emitted by the surface at night, thereby exposing the 'climate change' fraud...
Learn about the basic physical and chemical characteristics of Earth's various atmospheric gas molecules. Some of those molecules belong to a category of atmospheric gases called greenhouse gases, whose properties help to slow the emission of heat energy, which was absorbed by Earth's surface during the day, back into space at night.*
...and...
In most cases, the net longwave radiation is incoming during the daylight hours, and outgoing during the night hours.
...and from NASA...(fast-forward 46 seconds)...
In the daytime, the sun shines through the atmosphere warming Earth’s surface. After the Sun goes down, Earth’s surface cools. This releases heat back into the air. But, some of that heat is trapped by the gasses in the atmosphere.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum is composed of the same substance throughout the spectrum, photons. The intensity of the radiation is determined by the distance between a photon's wave's two humps, where gamma radiation has the shortest distance between wave humps, therefore is the most powerful radiation type on the spectrum.
We're informed on the one hand by NASA's 'Earth's Energy Budget' (see second diagram below) that infrared radiation accounts for 358.2 wm2 (watts per meter squared) of the energy budget, and 18.4 wm2 for thermals, while on the other hand NASA tells us that the 358.2 watts of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere takes place at night, but nitrogen and oxygen don't absorb [longwave] infrared radiation, and with nitrogen and oxygen constituting by volume approximately 94% of the atmosphere's gasses (trace gasses and water vapor represent the remaining 6%), we're naturally left with the quandary of the daytime atmosphere not freezing over and crushing all life on the surface with a miniscule energy of 18.2 wm2. We're also left with the absurdity that nighttime hours are warmer than daytime hours!
Should I continue to elucidate this farce? Why not, for the sake of those with a sense of humor...
Thermal energy derived from visible light, ultraviolet light and shortwave infrared is released from the ground/waters during daylight hours, heating the atmosphere. When the sun begins to set, those three light sources of thermal energy weaken into only shortwave infrared radiation. Then when nighttime arrives, shortwave infrared weakens into even weaker longwave infrared radiation, and it is this longwave infrared radiation that assists in keeping the atmosphere from cooling more during the night. During daylight hours, ground/waters are too warm to release longwave infrared radiation.
This relatively weak longwave infrared radiation is too anemic to directly heat the atmosphere at night. When emitted by the surface at night it is directly absorbed by gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, and indirectly absorbed by nitrogen and oxygen. Longwave infrared radiation photons indirectly heats the atmosphere by its photons bumping into a gas molecule's electrons, and this kinetic energy produces heat energy.
Assessment: Since longwave infrared radiation can only be emitted at nighttime, we have therefore identified the focal point for the 'climate change' fraud, where during daylight hours the Earth's atmosphere magically fails to turn into trillions of tons of ice, crushing all life below.
Carbon Dioxide electrons have relatively less area to vibrate in (such movement referred to as kinetic energy) compared to Nitrogen and Oxygen, resulting is less thermal energy within the molecule.
This informs us that man is mediating the atmosphere, not changing it, because the real culprit for the heating of the atmosphere is the massive increase of man made structures on the ground that act as enhanced heat sinks while also decreasing the cooling effect of vegetation at night. If one desires less heat, the mechanism to be used is to increase CO2 levels, not decrease those levels. Increases of CO2 into the atmosphere actually tempers the current warming of the planet:
“Introduction
Traditional anthropogenic theory of currently observed global warming states that release of carbon dioxide into atmosphere (partially as a result of utilization of fossil fuels) leads to an increase in atmospheric temperature because the molecules of CO2 (and other greenhouse gases) absorb the infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface. This statement is based on the Arrhenius hypothesis, which was never verified (Arrhenius, 1896). The proponents of this theory take into consideration only one component of heat transfer in atmosphere, i.e., radiation. Yet, in the dense Earth’s troposphere with the pressure pa > 0:2 atm, the heat from the Earth’s surface is mostly transferred by convection (Sorokhtin, 2001a). According to our estimates, convection accounts for 67%, water vapor condensation in troposphere accounts for 25%, and radiation accounts for about 8% of the total heat transfer from the Earth’s surface to troposphere. Thus, convection is the dominant process of heat transfer in troposphere, and all the theories of Earth’s atmospheric heating (or cooling) first of all must consider this process of heat (energy)– mass redistribution in atmosphere (Sorokhtin, 2001a, 2001b; Khilyuk and Chilingar, 2003, 2004).
When the temperature of a given mass of air increases, it expands, becomes lighter, and rises. In turn, the denser cooler air of upper layers of troposphere descends and replaces the warmer air of lower layers. This physical system (multiple cells of air convection) acts in the Earth’s troposphere like a continuous surface cooler. The cooling effect by air convection can surpass considerably the warming effect of radiation. …
…
Global Atmospheric Cooling Due to Increase in CO2 Content
Increase in CO2 content leads to global cooling of atmosphere. This paradoxical, at first sight, conclusion can be inferred from the adiabatic theory of heat transfer. To compare the temperature characteristics of a planet at various compositions of its atmosphere, one can use Eq. (11).
If one assumes that the existing nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of Earth is replaced entirely by an imaginary carbon dioxide atmosphere with the same pressure of 1 atm and adiabatic exponent ˛ D 0:1428, then the value of b˛ D 1:5970:1428 D 1:069 and the near-surface temperature would decline to 281.6 K. Thus, the atmospheric temperature would decreases by 6.4ıC, instead of increasing according to the traditional theory.
Similarly, if one assumes that the existing carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus is entirely replaced by the nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere at the same pressure of 90.9 atm, then its surface temperature would increase from 735 to 796 K. Thus, increasing the saturation of atmosphere with carbon dioxide (despite its radiation absorbing capacity), with all other conditions being equal, results in a decrease and not an increase of the greenhouse effect and a decrease in average temperature of planet’s atmosphere.
…
Conclusions
…
Accumulation of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the cooling, and not to warming of climate, as the proponents of traditional anthropogenic global warming theory believe (Aeschbach-Hertig, 2006). This conclusion has a simple physical explanation: when the infrared radiation is absorbed by the molecules of greenhouse gases, its energy is transformed into thermal expansion of air, which causes convective fluxes of air masses restoring the adiabatic distribution of temperature in the troposphere. Our estimates show that release of small amounts of carbon dioxide (several hundreds ppm), which are typical for the scope of anthropogenic emission, does not influence the global temperature of Earth’s atmosphere.”**
...and...
The greatest point to be made is that the atmosphere is heated by nitrogen and oxygen, a fact that 'climate change' deceivers refuse to discuss. How did it occur that nitrogen and oxygen are taboo molecules? It occurs because if 'climate change' deceivers had to discuss nitrogen and oxygen, they'd have to inform the public that those two molecules hold more heat than does carbon dioxide, and that would (1) implode the 'War on Carbon Dioxide'; and (2) implode the purpose for the 'War on Carbon Dioxide': To weaken the West's economies.** What we have then is a reverse of the 'Earth's energy budget'...
...where thermals should be 398.2 Wm2, and ground emitted infrared radiation 86.4 Wm2. Talk about a massive conspiracy of scientific fraud that the Marxist establishment*** naturally refuses to report.
Nitrogen and oxygen don't absorb much infrared radiation (IR) emitted from the ground, and assuming they absorb 100% of thermal energy from the surface, constituting approximately 5% of Earth's energy budget, we're left with a massive energy deficit for nitrogen and oxygen, confirming that those two molecules derive their energy from thermal ground/ocean emissions instead, but since the ‘climate change’ narrative identifies such emissions as not thermal but IR, we have proof that the energy being emitted isn't IR but thermal because nitrogen and oxygen absorb a miniscule amount of IR.
Since nitrogen and oxygen constitute by volume 97.0494% of the atmosphere’s gasses (when water vapor is included in the calculations making for a more precise calculation), they must therefore retain that volume amount of heat energy, but 18.4 Wm2 only constitutes 5.1% of the Earth’s Energy Budget of 358.2 Wm2. Nitrogen and oxygen’s absorption of infrared radiation would only infinitesimally affect this missing heat energy.
The missing energy levels for nitrogen and oxygen direct our attention to another aspect of the scientific fraud taking place: Misidentified outgoing energy types. IR is assigned an energy magnitude of 358.2 Wm2, and thermals 18.4 Wm2. The opposite is closer to the truth, where IR is assigned 18.4 Wm2, and thermals 358.2 Wm2.
Then to compound this conspiracy, we have NASA, and other 'educational' institutions, telling us that nitrogen and oxygen don't even absorb infrared radiation:
In fact, it's been known since 1949 that nitrogen and oxygen do absorb infrared radiation:
The peer reviewed paper affirms the non-negligible roles that Oxygen and Nitrogen play, in the aggregate, in heating the atmosphere:
"This work challenges a common perception on the negligible role of O2 and N2 as natural greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere compared to species like CH4 or N2O. It is in fact the large abundance of oxygen and nitrogen which compensates for their only weak interaction with infrared radiation through collision-induced absorption bands.
…
Due to the atmospheric concentration of atmospheric N2 (O2) that is about 2000 (550) times higher than that of CO2 and about 4.4 X 105 (1.2 X 105) times more abundant than CH4, even the weak infrared absorption of N2 (O2) can become radiatively important."
THE BEST FOR LAST
The backbone for the 'climate change' canard is the concept of 'back radiation' (as illustrated in Earth's Energy Budget diagram above) and is in flagrant violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics' conservation of energy, as illustrated in diagrams of Earth's Energy Budget before the Marxist co-opted establishment deposited the conservation of energy down the memory hole...
[Notice: Incoming radiation that's immediately reflected back into space = 30% (yellow 6%, 20%, and 4% at the top left side of the diagram), leaving 70% left over to be accounted for, and as the diagram attests, only 70% is accounted for (7%, 3%, 16%, 23%, 15%, and the red 6% = 70%). It is the yellow 15% that is supposed to 'back radiate' a portion of its radiation to the surface, but the diagram has all 15% radiating back into space via the thick red arrow.]
NASA Is Confused
The following from
NASA forgot to include 'back radiation' in the same graph just above...
Oops! It reads, however, directing our attention to ‘back radiation’ that isn’t shown in the graph:
"Convection, evaporation, and radiation from the surface exceed the total amount of energy that was absorbed by the surface to begin with!"
No, it doesn't! "Absorbed by land and oceans" = 51%..
Now let's take a look at what's radiated from the Earth...
"Carried to clouds and atmosphere by latent heat in water vapor" = 23%
"Conduction and rising air" = 7%
"Radiation absorbed by atmosphere" = 15%
"Radiation directly to space from earth" = 6%
23% + 7% + 15% + 6% = 51%
NASA omitted to add the 6% of radiation from the surface that's emitted directly to space!
But the flagrant fraud doesn't stop there. Incredibly, NASA's updated Earth's Energy Budget graph that does include 'back radiation' on the right side of the graph, fails to include 'back radiation' on the left side of the graph where the atmosphere directly absorbs incoming radiation (77.1 Wm2).
The incoming radiation that is absorbed by the atmosphere (25% or 77.1 Wm2) is 100% radiated back to space. No 'back radiation' to be found. Oops!
Conservation of energy means energy moves from more concentrated to less concentrated, hence why heat moves from hot to cool. After energy is absorbed by electrons in the atmosphere, it cannot be emitted downwards towards the surface because the atmospheric pressure is higher below than it is above.
The reason NASA couldn’t have ‘back radiation’ for that 77.1Wm2 is because any ‘back radiation’ would constitute Sunlight being emitted downwards by the atmosphere. In other words, planets would also be a source of incoming - downwards - Sunlight without the need for an exothermic event (e.g., lightening, vegetation fires, and burning a candle). Stars and other hot bodies would have to share their monopoly on creating such Sunlight!
Let’s Explain…
The 77.1 Wm2 absorbed by the atmosphere is UV radiation. When the electrons that absorb that radiation return to their normal energy levels by emitting the absorbed radiation, a portion of the energy is lost in the process, whereby the energy emitted is now less than that absorbed. In this particular scenario, the energy emitted would be Sunlight, because Sunlight is the next lower energy level on the electromagnetic spectrum.
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* Sunlight, ultraviolet, and shortwave infrared-derived thermals are emitted from the surface during daytime hours, heating the atmosphere directly via those three sources' thermal energy. When the sun begins to set, those three radiation categories weaken into shortwave infrared radiation. Then when nighttime arrives, shortwave infrared radiation weakens into even weaker longwave infrared radiation, and it is this longwave infrared radiation that assists in keeping the atmosphere from cooling more during the night.
Now let's take a look at the Greenhouse Effect...
That's a lie. Once absorbed by the atmosphere, longwave infrared radiation is destroyed; absorption means the radiation has been destroyed, therefore can't be re-emitted back down to the surface to be once again re-emitted for further atmosphere absorption:
In the context of the subject at hand, the "lower energy" would be microwave/radio radiation, since microwave/radio radiation are the next lowest radiation types on the electromagnetic scale.
This relatively weak longwave infrared radiation is too anemic to directly heat the atmosphere at night. When emitted by the surface at night it is directly absorbed - destroyed - by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and indirectly absorbed - destroyed - by nitrogen and oxygen. Longwave infrared radiation photons indirectly heats the atmosphere by its photons bumping into a gas molecule's electrons, and this kinetic energy produces heat energy.
There can't exist simultaneous increased and reduced electron energy levels. One must proceed after the other, and in this particular case "proceed" means night time.
Heat energy is being released during the day, while at night longwave IR is released. Two different mechanisms for warming the planet. The former heats the surface and atmosphere just above the surface (conduction), which sets in motion convection that heats the rest of the troposphere. Radiation - UV, visible, and shortwave infrared radiation - begins the process of heating the surface by increasing the energy levels of electrons during daylight hours, THEN when the sun sets the energy levels of surface electrons lose their extra energy and emit electromagnetic radiation of lower energy, that lower energy being longwave infrared radiation.
Conclusion:
During daylight hours, only stronger sunlight, ultraviolet, and shortwave infrared electromagnetic spectrum radiation can be emitted by the surface via thermal energy. At sunset, the electromagnetic spectrum weakens to shortwave infrared radiation, then to longwave infrared radiation at nighttime.
Since longwave infrared radiation can only be emitted at nighttime, we have therefore identified the focal point for the 'climate change' fraud, where during daylight hours the Earth's atmosphere magically fails to turn into trillions of tons of ice, crushing all life below.
Solution
The West will form new political parties where candidates are vetted for Marxist ideology/blackmail, the use of the polygraph and other electronic/chemical techniques to be an important tool for such vetting. Then the West can finally liberate the globe of vanguard Communism.
Thank you, this really helped me understand about CO 2 and its role better! Followed you here from CHD- Anne
ReplyDeleteI've updated the article, which expands the scope of the Second Law of Thermodynamics' conservation of energy, and located a graph from NASA illustrating Earth's Energy Budget that omits conservation of energy contradicting 'back radiation'...
Deletehttps://www.climateilluminated.com/media/climate_science/Slide19.JPG